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Korean J Pancreas Biliary Tract. 2018;23(4):159-164

Publication date (electronic) : 2018 October 31

doi : https://doi.org/10.15279/kpba.2018.23.4.159

Tae Yoon Lee, Young Koog Cheon, Chan Sup Shim

Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

이태윤, 천영국, 심찬섭

건국대학교 의학전문대학원 건국대학교병원 내과 소화기병센터

Corresponding author : Chan Sup Shim Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Korea Tel. +82-2-2030-8195 Fax. +82-2-2030-5029 E-mail; chansshim@naver.com

Received 2018 April 9; Revised 2018 May 28; Accepted 2018 June 13.

Abstract

Trans Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Peripancreatic fluid collection requires drainage when symptomatic. The management of symptomatic peripancreatic fluid includes endoscopic, surgical, and percutaneous approaches [1]. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided drainage has been used widely as first-line therapy to manage collected pancreatic fluid using a plastic or metal stent. Although double-pigtail plastic stents have been the mainstay of therapy, they can become occluded easily because of their small caliber when secondary infection occurs, increasing the need for re-intervention [2].

Fully covered self-expanding metal stents (FCSEMSs) have been used to overcome these limitations, but conventional FCSEMSs can still migrate or leak, leading to serious adverse events [3]. Therefore, specially designed lumen-apposing metal stents with flared ends have been proposed, and several novel lumen-apposing metal stents have been reported on previously [3,4]. We evaluated the technical and clinical outcomes, safety, and removability of a newly developed biflanged tubulartype FCSEMS with a conventional stent delivery system in an animal study and clinical application.

METHODS

Six patients underwent endoscopic treatment using the new FCSEMS between January 2013 and July 2016. One female dog was used for the animal study. The biflanged FCSEMS (EGIS S-PD stent; S&G Biotech Inc., Seongnam, Korea) was made of nitinol wire and was covered fully with a silicone membrane. The diameter of the flange was 20 mm at both ends to provide stability and minimize migration risk. The stent was available in a 10-mm diameter with lengths of 2, 3, and 4 cm (Fig. 1). The shoulder is rounded to minimize trauma, and the enteric end has a retrieval suture. This stent is deployed with a 10F conventional delivery system, so that it can be inserted with an endoscope.

Fig. 1.

A new fully covered metal stent with folding-back wide anchoring flanges for lumen apposition.

All procedures were performed with patients under conscious sedation with midazolam and pethidine hydrochloride. Two experienced endoscopists Chan Sup Shim and Young Koog Cheon inserted the stents using a conventional linear echoendoscope (GF-UCT140; Olympus Medical, Tokyo, Japan). EUS-guided transgastric puncture was performed using a 19-gauge needle (Echotip-19; Cook Medical, Winston-Salem, NC, USA), followed by placement of a 0.035-inch guidewire. The puncture site was dilated over the wire using a Bougie dilator (6F-8F Soehendra dilator; Cook Medical) or a needle-type sphincterotome (Fusion Needle Knife; Cook Medical). After the tract was dilated, a balloon catheter (4-mm Hurricane; Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA) was used to achieve sufficient dilation. The stent delivery system was inserted over the guidewire and advanced into the pancreatic fluid, and the stent was deployed (Fig. 2). After complete delivery, the stent lumen was dilated up to 8 or 10 mm with a balloon catheter (Hurricane; Boston Scientific) to achieve complete apposition, if needed. Antibiotics were given intravenously before and after the procedure. Subjects fasted until the morning after the procedure, and oral intake was restarted unless the patients were in pain and had complications. The volume of fluid that collected was evaluated by periodic computed tomography (CT) scans performed after the procedure until shrinkage. The stents were removed endoscopically after the pancreatic fluid disappeared completely, as confirmed by CT. Follow-up CT was performed 2 months after stent removal. The clinical success rate, complications, and removability were evaluated. Technical success was defined as correct placement of the FCSEMS. Clinical success was defined as complete resolution of the pancreatic fluid collection or infection without surgical treatment. All patients provided written informed consent, and our institutional review board approved the study (KUH1010675).

Fig. 2.

(A) Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan showing a huge pancreatic pseudocyst. (B) Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) image showing puncturing of a pseudocyst with a 19-gauge needle. (C) The metal stent was inserted into pseudocyst through the EUS working channel. (D) Plain abdominal X-ray showing fully deployed stent. (E) Endoscopic view of the deployed stent. (f) CT image showing complete resolution of the pancreatic pseudocyst after drainage with the stent 1 month after the procedure.

A cholecystogastrostomy tract was made under EUS guidance for the animal study, and the stent was deployed across the lumen under fluoroscopic and endoscopic guidance. Contrast was injected into the gallbladder through the stent to confirm the absence of leakage. Necropsy was performed immediately to check the cholecystoduodenal tract. The animal ethics committee in institutional review board approved the study (KUH1011611).

RESULTS

Six patients (four men and two women; mean age, 52 years) underwent EUS-guided stent placement between October 2012 and May 2016 due to pancreatic fluid collection (five cases of pancreatic pseudocysts and one case of walled-off necrosis) 13-39 days after the onset of pancreatitis. Disconnected duct syndrome was suspected in one of the six cases.

The FCSEMSs were deployed successfully and expanded fully in all six (100%) cases. No complication was observed during the procedure. In one patient with walled-off necrosis, direct endoscopic necrosectomy was performed with a therapeutic endoscope. We did not observe the insides of the cysts in the cases of pancreatic pseudocyst.

Clinical success was achieved in five (83.3%) cases. The pancreatic pseudocysts were drained successfully without direct endoscopic necrosectomy in all five (100%) cases (Fig. 2). Direct endoscopic necrosectomy could not be completed in the case of walled-off necrosis because the patient developed septic shock after the first session (Fig. 3). This patient was transferred to another hospital at his request. Otherwise, no early complication was observed, and no stent migrated in any patient. The FCSEMSs were removed with no complication in the five (83.3%) cases in which removal was attempted, 19-50 days after insertion.

Fig. 3.

(A) Abdominal computed tomography scan showing walled-off necrosis. (B) Endoscopic ultrasound image showing puncturing of the walled-off necrosis with a 19-gauge needle. (C) Endoscopic view of the fully deployed stent in the stomach. (D) Endoscopic view showing necrosis in the stent.

The stent was deployed successfully in the gallbladder lumen through the duodenal wall in one dog. The duodenum and gallbladder lumen were connected completely without contrast leakage. No complication was observed during the procedure. A necropsy performed immediately after the procedure showed that the cholecystoduodenal tract was intact (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided gallbladder drainage in a dog. (A) The gallbladder was visualized by EUS. (B) A metal stent was placed in the gallbladder via the transduodenal route. (C) The duodenum and gallbladder lumen were connected completely on necropsy.

DISCUSSION

Plastic stent placement to treat peripancreatic fluid collection has been the standard treatment, but drainage is frequently suboptimal [5]. Small-diameter stents may cause ineffective drainage or superinfections of the peripancreatic fluid, which typically occurs when the stents become obstructed [6]. Therefore, repeat stent changes with multiple stents are needed for adequate drainage/debridement.

Conventional FCSEMSs (biliary or esophageal) have been used with some success and have several merits over plastic stents, such as a larger diameter for longer patency, obviating the need for multiple plastic stents. In a large retrospective study of patients with peripancreatic fluid and pancreatic pseudocysts, EUS-guided drainage using FCSEMSs improved the pseudocyst complete resolution rate (98% vs. 89%, p =0.01) and decreased the adverse event rate (16% vs. 31%, p =0.006) compared with the use of plastic stents [7]. In a prospective comparative study, the median procedure time for FCSEMS use was significantly shorter than that for plastic stent use (15.0 vs. 29.5 min, p <0.01) [6]. However, conventional FCSEMS has several disadvantages, including the risk of stent migration and abutment of the end of the stent against the luminal wall, which may cause bleeding and tissue injury [1].

Specially designed lumen-apposing metal stents, such as the AXIOS (Boston Scientific) and SPAXUS and Nagi (Taewoong Medical, Goyang, Korea) stents, which have wide flares at both ends to prevent migration, have demonstrated high efficacy and safety [3,4,8]. These devices have wide diameters (10-16 mm) and short lengths, and their wide flanges can actively hold peripancreatic fluid in the lumen. Large clinical studies have demonstrated high technical and clinical success rates (89-98%), defined as resolution of clinical symptoms with a decrease in peripancreatic fluid to ≤2 cm on imaging (81-100%) [1,8,9]. Several cohort studies have indicated that lumen-apposing metal stents use may decrease the need for repeat procedures, total adverse events, salvage surgery, and length of hospital stay when compared with plastic stents for use in complicated fluid collections and walled-off necrosis [1,5,10].

However, in a recent randomized trial, serious adverse events occurred in patients with peripancreatic fluid treated with lumen-apposing metal stents [11]. Stent-related adverse events were observed in 6 of 12 patients randomized to treatment with lumen-apposing metal stents (delayed bleeding in 3 patients, buried stent syndrome in 2, and obstructive jaundice in 1 patient), compared with 0 of 9 patients in the plastic stent cohort. Rapid decompression of the walled-off necrosis facilitated by the wide-bore metal stent may lead to the stent impinging on the internal wall of the collection cavity resulting in damage to adjacent vessels, causing bleeding, or inward migration of the outer flange of the stent causing buried stent syndrome. Similarly, in a recent retrospective study of patients undergoing drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts or walled-off necrosis (n=149), patients with lumen-apposing metal stents had a higher risk of pseudoaneurysm bleeding than patients with double pig-tail plastic stents (OR, 10.0; 95% CI, 1.19-84.6; p =0.009) [12]. Therefore newly designed stent is needed to overcome bleeding risk with lumen-apposing metal stents, migration risk with conventional FCSEMS, and higher infection and reintervention rates with plastic stents.

We investigated the use of a new tubular-type FCSEMS with wide flanges for endoscopic treatment of pancreatic fluid. The new FCSEMS has wide anchoring flanges at both ends to prevent migration, so no additional double pig-tail plastic stent placement is needed to anchor the FCSEMS. Although it has tubular design, the wide flanges may generate enough anchoring forces between the cyst and the enteral lumen, thus preventing to risk of stent migration and fluid leakage. Unlike the short (1 cm) and immobile lumen-apposing metal stents, our FCSEMS are longer (≥2 cm) and relatively mobile due to its tubular design. These features may decrease the risk of bleeding and buried stent syndrome. In this study, the new FCSEMS was inserted and expanded successfully in all cases, and no stent migrated or caused bleeding. The animal study also demonstrated that the new stent deployed easily under EUS, resulting in complete fusion of the duodenal and gallbladder walls like a single organ with no leakage. The new FCSEMS also had a wide lumen, and thin delivery system. Therefore, the stent was inserted without the need to change to an endoscope with a larger channel diameter.

This study has several limitations. It was a retrospective study involving a small case series. The follow-up duration was short, so recurrence and other complications might have been underestimated. In conclusion, endoscopic treatment using a new biflanged tubular-type FCSEMS was effective and safe for the treatment of pancreatic fluid collection.

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