INTRODUCTION
MAIN BODY
1. Characteristics of elderly and therapeutic decisions
1) Patient selection criteria
1. Cardiac function: ejection fraction, measured by Doppler echocardiography: at least 40.
2. Pulmonary function: forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1.0%), as shown by a spirogram: at least 50%.
3. Nutritional status: serum albumin level: at least 3.0 g/dL.
4. Daily activity status: Karnofsky performance status: at least 80%.
5. Psychological independence status: capable of self-determination with respect to surgery